In many countries, institutions of technical and vocational education do not restrict the scope of their activities to education and training in a narrow sense. They also produce other goods and services for sale on the market. There are many reasons for the application of that concept: educational, economic, social and others.

In this study, a number of case studies are presented from Algeria, Botswana, China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, and Papua New Guinea. The findings are summarized, and conclusions and guidelines are developed.