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(see also Skills mismatch, Qualification mismatch)

A broad definition of education-occupation mismatch is that educational qualifications of labor do not match those required for the job (Mahuteau, et al., 2015). There are two types of mismatches, vertical and horizontal mismatches. The vertical mismatch happens when the education level of the employee is not needed by the market, and the horizontal mismatch happens when the type or field of education or skills is inappropriate for the job (McGuinness et al., 2018).